What causes cleft lip and palate in a child?

Cleft lip and palate happen when a baby develops in the womb. Researchers don't know the exact cause of cleft lip and palate. It can be caused by genes passed on from parents, as well as environmental factors. Environmental factors include taking certain medicines during pregnancy, smoking or drinking alcohol during pregnancy, infections, and too little vitamin B and folic acid during pregnancy. Parents who have cleft lip, cleft palate, or both, or who have other kids with the problem are at an increased risk of having babies with the defect.

What are the symptoms of cleft lip and cleft palate in a child?

The symptoms of these problems can be seen during the first exam by your baby's healthcare provider. How much the lip or palate differs from normal can vary. The symptoms can include:

• Lip does not close completely

• Roof of the mouth does not close completely

• Neither the lip nor the roof of the mouth closes completely

How are cleft lip and palate diagnosed in a child?

A cleft lip and palate can be seen during the first exam by your baby’s healthcare provider.

How are cleft lip and palate treated in a child?

Both cleft lip and palate can be fixed with surgery.

• The first surgery for cleft lip is usually done before a baby is 1 year old, but as early as possible. In general, a baby should be at least 10 weeks old and weight at least 10 pounds.

• The first surgery for cleft palate is usually done before a baby is 18 months old, but again as early as possible.

What are the complications of cleft lip and palate in a child?

Beyond the appearance of a cleft lip, other possible complications include:

• Feeding trouble. Feeding trouble happens more with cleft palate defects. Your baby may not be able to suck properly because the roof of the mouth is not formed completely.

• Ear infections and hearing loss. Ear infections are often caused by problems with the tubes that connect the middle ear to the throat (eustachian tubes). Infections that come back again and again can then lead to hearing loss.

• Speech and language delay. Muscles involved with speech may not work well. This can lead to a delay in speech or odd speech. Talk with your child’s healthcare provider about seeing a speech therapist.

• Dental problems. The child may have problems with his or her teeth. Your child may need to see an orthodontist. This is a dentist with special training to treat teeth that are out of line and problems with the jaw.

What can I do to prevent cleft lip and cleft palate in my child?

Cleft lip and palate can’t always be prevented. But there are things you can do to reduce the risk. They include:

• Get a prepregnancy exam to make sure you are healthy before you get pregnant.

• Get regular and complete prenatal care during pregnancy.

• Take folic acid if you are trying to get pregnant.

• Take daily prenatal vitamins that include folic acid during pregnancy.

• Don’t smoke.

• Don’t drink alcohol during pregnancy.

You should consider genetic counseling if other members of your family have had cleft lip and palate.

What can I do to prevent cleft lip and palate in my child?

Your baby’s healthcare provider will help you figure out how to best care for your baby. 

The main concern for your baby is good nutrition. Sucking is difficult because of the opening in the formed roof of the mouth. A baby with just a cleft lip usually does not have trouble feeding. To help with feeding, try the following:

• Breastfeeding is encouraged. It will take extra time and patience. You may also pump your breastmilk and feed it to your baby using special nipples and bottles.

• Hold your baby in an upright position to help him or her swallow and to keep milk from going into the nose.

• Try small, frequent feedings. This can help your baby get more calories and gain weight.

• Many types of bottles and nipples are available for a baby with cleft palate. Talk with your child’s healthcare provider about which type is best for your child.

The team approach is used for managing and fixing cleft lip and palate. Many healthcare providers may be involved in your baby’s care. They may include:

• Plastic surgeon

• Face and head (craniofacial) surgeon

• Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist

• Orthodontist

• Pediatric dentist

• Speech and language therapist

Key points about cleft lip and palate in children

Cleft lip is a split in the lip, and cleft palate is a split in the roof of the mouth.

• Cleft lip and palate happen when there is a problem during fetal development.

• Genes and the environment are involved, but the cause is not completely understood.

• Surgery is the treatment for both cleft lip and palate.

• The main concern for a baby with cleft palate is good nutrition.

• The team approach is used for managing and correcting cleft lip and palate.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.

• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.

• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.

• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.

• Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.

• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.

• Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.

• If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

• Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.